Table 1 Sample characteristics and breastfeeding outcomes

Outcomes

Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), Yes

-

41 (36.3)

-

Continued breastfeeding (CBF), Yes

-

-

111 (52.1)

Independent variables

Postpartum anxiety, Yes

218 (66.9)

76 (67.3)

142 (66.7)

Postpartum depression, Yes

194 (59.5)

65 (57.5)

129 (60.6)

Comorbid postpartum anxiety + depression, Yes

178 (54.6)

61 (54.0)

117 (54.9)

Maternal socio-demographic characteristic

Household income, Up to $74,999

141 (43.5)

50 (44.6)

91 (42.7)

Maternal age in years, 18–24

38 (11.6)

17 (15.0)

21 (9.9)

Maternal age in years, 25–34

215 (65.9)

75 (66.4)

140 (65.7)

Maternal age in years, 35–44

73 (22.5)

21 (18.6)

52 (24.4)

Maternal education, Bachelor’s degree and below

238 (73.0)

82 (72.6)

156 (73.2)

Maternal race/ethnicity, Non-Hispanic White

162 (49.7)

56 (49.6)

106 (49.8)

Maternal employment, Employed

-

-

132 (62.0)

Had maternity leave, Yes

-

86 (76.1)

-

Food insecurity, Yes

104 (31.9)

32 (28.3)

72 (33.8)

Perinatal characteristics

WIC enrollment, Yes

66 (20.5)

23 (20.4)

43 (20.2)

Current diagnosis of depression/ anxiety, Yes

98 (30.5)

37 (33.3)

61 (29.0)

Using psychotropic medications, Yes

50 (15.3)

19 (16.8)

31 (14.6)

Planned pregnancy, Yes

223 (68.4)

79 (69.9)

144 (67.6)

Parity, Primiparous

159 (48.8)

47 (41.6)

112 (52.6)

Type of delivery, Vaginal

193 (59.2)

64 (56.6)

129 (60.6)

Mothers’ pumping breast milk, Yes

122 (38.1)

64 (58.2)

58 (27.6)

Infant/child characteristics

Preterm birth, Yes

61 (18.7)

28 (24.8)

33 (15.5)

Low birth weight, Yes

25 (7.7)

15 (13.4)

10 (4.7)

Baby put on the breast within the first hour after birth, Yes

229 (70.2)

81 (71.7)

148 (69.5)

Pacifier use in the last 24 h, Yes

134 (42.1)

71 (64.0)

63 (30.3)

Child attending day care/Pre-K, Yes

53 (16.3)

9 (8.0)

44 (20.8)

Co-sleeping, Yes

228 (71.5)

103 (92.8)

125 (60.1)