Economic and environmental impacts of commercial milk formula in Indonesia: estimates and comparisons using the Cost of Not Breastfeeding, Green Feeding, and Mothers’ Milk Tools

Table 2 Comparison of carbon and water footprint estimates using Green Feeding Tool (GFT) and retail sales of standard milk formula (SMF) based on Euromonitor data for 2020

Variables	Estimates using GFT	Estimates based on Euromonitor data
Volume of breastmilk produced (million litres)	454.63	-
Lost breastmilk (million litres)	96.1	210.85^a
Volume of SMF powder sales (million kg)	-	27.2
Value of SMF sales (US$ million)		261.2
Carbon footprint (CO₂ eq., million kg):
Lower estimation	215.3	299.2
Upper estimation	274.1	380.8
Water footprint (million litres)	93,037	129,064

Data source: Volume and value of SMF sales from Euromonitor Passport Database [38]; Green Feeding Tool [34]
^aThe calculation of lost breastmilk implied from Euromonitor data on commercial milk formula (CMF) sales uses the following equation: 1 L/0.129 kg) × 27.2 million kg = 210.85 million litres

ISSN: 1746-4358