Fig. 5

Results of frontier analysis for ASMR and ASDR of childhood diarrheal diseases attributable to suboptimal breastfeeding. Black lines represent the lower limits of age-standardized rate achievable at different SDI levels, with points representing different countries and regions. The 15 countries and regions with the most significant effective differences globally are labelled in black font, the 5 countries and regions with the most minor effective differences among low SDI countries are labelled in blue font, and the 5 countries and regions with the most significant effective differences among high SDI countries are labelled in red font. In panels B and D, blue dots indicate countries and regions with decreased age-standardized rates from 1990 to 2021, while red dots indicate those with increased age-standardized rates. (A) and (B): Frontier analysis for ASMR; (C) and (D): Frontier analysis for ASDR. ASMR, age-standardized mortality rate; ASDR, age-standardized disability-adjusted life year rate