Table 1 Maternal baseline characteristics in late gestation

Maternal characteristics

Maternal age (y)(mean, SD)

26.8 (± 6.1)

26.1 (± 4.5)

27.4 (± 7.1)

-1.22

-3.7, 1.3

0.93

Nationality (n, %)

 Colombian

71 (78.9)

33 (76.7)

38 (80.9)

0.78

0.3, 2.1

0.63

 Venezuelan

19 (21.1)

10 (23.3)

9 (19.1)

National Health System (n, %)

 Transitory health insurance

20 (22.2)

10 (23.3)

10 (21.3)

1.12

0.4, 3.0

0.51

 Subsidized coverage

64 (71.1)

31 (72.1)

33 (70.2)

1.09

0.4, 2.7

0.52

 Contributive health plan

6 (6.7)

2 (4.7)

4 (8.5)

0.52

0.1, 3.0

0.68

Years living in Bogotá (mean, SD)

13 (± 11.8)

12.8 (± 11.7)

13.2 (± 12.0)

-0.36

-5.3, 4,6

0.99

Parity (n, %)

 Primiparous

38 (42.2)

18 (41.9)

20 (42.6)

1.01

0.4, 2.4

0.56

 Multiparous

52 (57.8)

25 (58.1)

27 (57.4)

Years of education (mean, SD)

11.7 (± 3.2)

11.7 (± 3.3)

11.7 (± 3.2)

0.02

-1.3, 1.4

0.98

Mother lives with the partner (n, %)

 Yes

63 (70)

29 (67.4)

34 (72.3)

1.26

0.5, 3.1

0.65

 No

27 (30)

14 (32.6)

13 (27.7)

Maternal occupation (n, %)

 Employed/Independent/Student

23 (25.6)

12 (27.9)

11 (23.4)

1.27

0.5, 3.3

0.64

 Unemployed

67 (74.4)

31 (72.1)

36 (76.6)

Pregestational nutritional status (n, %)

 Normal (BMI 20.0–25.0 kg/m²)

19 (21.1)

11 (29.7)

8 (18.6)

1

 Overweight (BMI 25.1–30.0 kg/m²)

40 (44.4)

15 (40.5)

25 (58.1)

2.29

0.7, 6.9

0.23

 Obesity (BMI > 30.1 kg/m²)

21 (23.3)

10 (23.3)

11 (29.7)

1.51

0.4, 5.3

0.74

Maternal weight gain during pregnancy (kg)(mean, SD)

12.4 (± 5.8)

12.4 (± 5.2)

12.4 (± 6.3)

0.04

-2.5, 2.6

0.97

Gestational BMI (kg/m²)(mean, SD)

33.4 (± 3.4)

33.6 (± 3.7)

33.2 (± 3.1)

0.40

-1.0, 1.8

0.71

Physical activity during gestation

Sedentary (< 1.49 MET/h/d)

43 (47.8)

23 (53.5)

20 (42.6)

0.41

0.1, 1.2

0.16

Light (1.5–2.9 MET/h/d)

25 (27.8)

13 (30.2)

12 (25.5)

0.43

0.1, 1.4

0.3

Moderate/Vigorous (> 3.0 MET/h/d)

16 (17.8)

7 (16.3)

15 (21.9)

1

Screen time (h) (TV and cellular phone)

6.8 (± 3.9)

6.9 (± 3.9)

6.6 (± 3.8)

0.31

-1.3, 1.9

0.62

Breastfeeding support and expertise

Family and/or friends support (n, %)

 Yes

85 (94.4)

41 (48.2)

44 (51.8)

0.71

0.4, 1.8

0.54

 No

5 (5.6)

2 (51.8)

3 (48.2)

Breast-fed a previous infant (n, %)

 Yes

48 (53.3)

21 (48.8)

27 (57.4)

1.4

0.6, 3.2

0.54

 No

42 (46.7)

22 (51.2)

20 (42.6)

Breast and nipple problems (self-reported)

Normal form of the breast (n, %)

 Yes

87 (96.7)

42 (97.7)

45 (95.7)

nd

nd

nd

 No

3 (3.3)

1 (2.3)

2 (4.3)

Large breast (n, %)

 Yes

35 (38.9)

19 (44.2)

16 (34)

0.65

0.3, 1.5

0.32

 No

55 (61.1)

24 (55.8)

31 (66)

Normal nipple (n, %)

 Yes

77 (85.6)

37 (86)

40 (85.1)

0.92

0.3, 3.0

0.88

 No

13 (14.4)

6 (14)

7 (14.9)

Maternal feeding practices

Food intolerance during gestation (n, %)

 Yes

52 (57.8)

25 (58.1)

27 (57.4)

0.97

0.4, 2.2

0.55

 No

38 (42.2)

18 (41.9)

20 (42.6)

Alcohol consumption (n, %)

 Yes

5 (5.6)

3 (7)

2 (4.3)

nd

nd

nd

 No

85 (94.4)

40 (93)

45 (95.7)

Smoking (n, %)

 Yes

0

0

0

nd

nd

nd

 No

90 (100)

43 (100)

47 (100)

Second hand smoking (n, %)

 Yes

24 (26.7)

13 (30.2)

11 (23.4)

0.71

0.3, 1.8

0.46

 No

66 (73.3)

30 (69.8)

36 (76.6)

Monthly food expenditure (US$)(mean, SD)

27.88 (± 14.88)

29.61 (± 15.39)

26.37 (± 14.4)

3.3

-3.1, 9.6

0.26

Supplementation (Calcium, Iron, Folate) (n, %)

 Yes

71 (78.8)

34 (79.1)

37 (78.7)

0.97

0.3, 2.7

0.97

 No

19 (21.2)

9 (20.9)

10 (21.3)

Other medications (n, %)^a

 Yes

33 (36.7)

15 (34.9)

18 (38.3)

1.15

0.7, 1.6

0.74

 No

57 (63.3)

28 (65.1)

29 (61.7)

Maternal intake (kcal)(mean, SD)

2053.7 (± 501.3)

2132 (± 521.4)

1981 (± 476.3)

151.4

-57.5, 360.4

0.22