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Table 3 Changes in participant characteristics between baseline and 1 year postpartum based on breastfeeding practice groups

From: Relationship between breastfeeding and hepatic steatosis in women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus

 

Breastfeeding practice groupa

  

Group 1 (n = 57)

Group 2 (n = 26)

Group 3 (n = 47)

  

Baseline

1 year

Change

p-valueb

Baseline

1 year

Change

p-valueb

Baseline

1 year

Change

p-valueb

p-valuec

Weight (kg)

67.8 ± 14.1

69.1 ± 16.2

1.3 ± 8.1

0.236

67.1 ± 9.9

69.0 ± 11.2

1.9 ± 4.1

0.024

59.1 ± 10.1

59.1 ± 9.6

0 ± 4.9

0.955

0.308

BMI (kg/m2)

27.2 ± 5.2

27.7 ± 6.0

0.5 ± 2.6

0.178

27.2 ± 4.1

28.0 ± 4.5

0.8 ± 1.7

0.029

24.1 ± 3.4

24.1 ± 3.4

0 ± 2.1

0.978

0.298

WC (cm)

85.8 ± 10.2

90.5 ± 13.9

4.3 ± 9.7

0.004

89.5 ± 9.2

90.2 ± 8.7

0.7 ± 7.5

0.619

83.2 ± 10.5

87.8 ± 12.3

3.1 ± 7.3

0.116

0.162

FPG (mg/dL)

99.6 ± 32.8

110.3 ± 42.2

10.7 ± 35.6

0.027

90.3 ± 5.5

100.5 ± 11.5

10.2 ± 10.5

< 0.001

87.7 ± 10.7

96.6 ± 16.4

9.0 ± 10.9

< 0.001

0.673

Cholesterol (mg/dL)

214.3 ± 39.2

188.8 ± 33.8

−25.5 ± 33.6

< 0.001

223.7 ± 45.3

205.8 ± 41.0

−17.9 ± 27.3

0.003

227.5 ± 48.9

197.9 ± 36.1

−30.0 ± 35.6

< 0.001

0.171

TG (mg/dL)

154.9 ± 87.7

120.9 ± 62.0

−34.0 ± 72.7

< 0.001

141.9 ± 81.4

119.5 ± 51.0

−22.4 ± 76.2

0.147

93.0 ± 47.2

91.2 ± 59.3

−1.7 ± 60.8

0.845

0.740

LDL-C (mg/dL)

142.8 ± 37.4

127.9 ± 28.7

−14.9 ± 27.7

< 0.001

151.6 ± 39.0

143.2 ± 40.2

−8.4 ± 24.2

0.089

152.8 ± 48.4

132.4 ± 33.8

−20.4 ± 34.4

< 0.001

0.106

HDL-C (mg/dL)

57.0 ± 17.0

52.7 ± 13.3

−4.3 ± 13.7

0.020

57.5 ± 15.0

51.9 ± 14.2

−5.7 ± 8.9

0.003

69.5 ± 13.9

62.0 ± 12.4

−7.5 ± 11.3

< 0.001

0.345

Prediabetes

14 (24.6)

31 (54.4)

17 (29.8)

< 0.001

1 (3.8)

14 (53.8)

13 (50.0)d

< 0.001

6 (12.8)

16 (34.0)

10 (21.2)

0.002

0.049

Metabolic syndrome

18 (31.6)

28 (49.1)

10 (17.5)d

0.041

6 (23.1)

13 (50.0)

7 (26.9)d

0.065

4 (8.5)

5 (10.6)

1 (2.1)

1.000

0.019

  1. Data are presented as the mean ± SD or n (%)
  2. Abbreviations: BMI body mass index, EBF exclusive breastfeeding, FPG fasting plasma glucose, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, SD standard deviation, TG triglycerides, WC waist circumference
  3. a Group 1 = breastfeeding for < 6 months; group 2 = breastfeeding for ≥ 6 months and EBF for < 6 months; and group 3 = breastfeeding for ≥ 6 months and EBF for 6 months
  4. b Changes over time within each group were analyzed using the paired t-test or McNemar’s test
  5. c Changes between groups were analyzed using a one-way analysis of covariance, with the baseline value of each parameter as a covariate, or using the chi-squared test
  6. dp < 0.05, compared with group 3
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International Breastfeeding Journal

ISSN: 1746-4358