Table 1 Baseline characteristics of participants based on breastfeeding practice groups

Clinical features

Age (years)

32.0 ± 6.1

32.6 ± 7.0

34.3 ± 4.7

0.116

Parity

0.514

 Primiparous

24 (42.1)

13 (50.0)

17 (36.2)

 Multiparous

33 (57.9)

13 (50.0)

30 (63.8)

Severity of GDM

0.284

 Class A1

45 (78.9)

23 (88.5)

42 (89.4)

 Class A2

12 (21.1)

3 (11.5)

5 (10.6)

Family history of T2DM

24 (42.1)

6 (23.1)

14 (29.8)

0.180

Weight (kg)

67.9 (55.8–76.4)

65.2 (57.4–72.6)

58.8 (52.7–66.2)^c

0.027

BMI (kg/m²)

27.7 (22.6–30.3)

26.4 (23.3–30.3)

24.2 (22.1–26.3)^c

0.036

Systolic BP (mmHg)

119.0 (110.8–133.5)

124.0 (114.8–130.3)

117.5 (109.8–122.0)

0.080

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

75.0 (68.8–84.3)

74.5 (69.0–81.3)

72.0 (64.8–77.0)

0.061

WC (cm)

85.8 ± 10.2

87.8 ± 10.6

83.2 ± 10.5

0.145

Laboratory tests

FPG (mg/dL)

91.0 (87.0–96.8)

90.5 (86.0–96.0)

86.0 (81.0–92.5)^c

0.008

Cholesterol (mg/dL)

210.0 (193.8–228.3)

208.0 (187.0–259.5)

220.0 (192.0–244.3)

0.540

TG (mg/dL)

136.0 (93.5–211.0)

111.0 (85.8–146.3)

82.5 (65.0–115.0)^c

< 0.001

LDL-C (mg/dL)

141.0 (123.8–158.3)

142.5 (116.3–181.8)

147.0 (117.8–171.3)

0.569

HDL-C (mg/dL)

52.5 (48.0–60.3)

54.0 (47.5–66.0)

66.0 (58.0–78.5)^{c, d}

< 0.001