Table 1 Characteristics and quality of the included studies
From: Incidence and factors influencing delayed onset of lactation: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Study | Maternal characteristic | DOL/total | Period | Country | Incidence (%) | Follow-up | NOS score | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Method | Endpoint | |||||||
Bai [18] | General | 112/553 | NR | China | 20.3 | ITV | OL | 7 |
Chapman [19] | Full-term | 68/192 | Dec. 1996-May 1997 | USA | 35.4 | MR, ITV | OL | 7 |
Dewey [11] | General | 62/271 | Feb.-Dec. 1999 | USA | 22.9 | ITV | 3 d pp | 7 |
Ding [20] | Full-term | 107/340 | Jan. 2018-Jan. 2019 | China | 31.5 | QTN, ITV | 72Â h-7 d pp | 7 |
Ding J [21] | Caesarean delivery | 104/330 | Sept. 2021-Jan. 2022 | China | 31.5 | MR, ITV | 7 d pp | 7 |
Ding QY [22] | Age ≥ 35 years | 106/277 | Mar. 2021-Oct. 2021 | China | 38.3 | MR, QTN, ITV | 72 h pp | 7 |
Dong [23] | Vaginal delivery | 241/622 | 6 Nov. 2020-16 Jan. 2021 | China | 38.8 | MR, QTN, ITV | OL | 7 |
Haile [24] | General | 487/2,053 | 2005–2007 | USA | 23.7 | QTN | 21 d pp* | 7 |
Hilson [25] | General | 28/114 | Aug.-Nov. 1998 | USA | 24.6 | MR, QTN, ITV | 8–12 m pp* | 7 |
Huang [26] | General | 604/3,282 | started in Jan. 2013 | China | 18.4 | MR, QTN, ITV | OL | 6 |
Kong, 2008Â [27] | General | 29/75 | Oct.-Nov. 2005 | Australia | 38.7 | MR, ITV | NR | 6 |
Li [28] | MS, Premature | 107/300 | Feb. 2020-May 2021 | China | 35.7 | QTN, ITV | OL | 7 |
Lian [29] | Caesarean delivery | 156/468 | 9 Oct. 2021-17 May 2022 | China | 33.3 | MR, ITV | 7 d pp | 7 |
Lu [30] | MS | 56/154 | Jan.-Jun. 2021 | China | 36.4 | QTN, ITV | 7 d pp | 7 |
Luan [5] | Premature | 36/100 | Feb. 2016-Dec. 2016 | China | 36.0 | QTN | 14 d pp | 7 |
Luo [31] | GDM | 99/388 | Jan. 2015-Dec. 2018 | China | 25.2 | MR, QTN, ITV | 3 d pp or OL | 7 |
Matias [32] | Primipara | 30/171 | Nov. 2005-Jun. 2006 | Peru | 17.5 | MR, QTN, ITV | 72–96 h pp | 7 |
Mullen [33] | Non-GDM | 98/177 | Apr. 2009-Jul. 2010 | Canada | 55.4 | MR, QTN, ITV | 7 d pp | 7 |
Nommsen-Rivers [4] | Primipara | 190/431 | Jan. 2006-Dec. 2007 | USA | 44.0 | MR, ITV | 7 d pp | 7 |
Otoo [34] | General | 19/425 | Jan. 2004-Jun. 2007 | Ghana | 4.5 | QTN | OL | 7 |
Preusting [35] | General | 114/219 | 27 Aug. 2014-15 Oct. 2015 | USA | 52.1 | MR, QTN, ITV | 14 d pp* | 7 |
Quan [36] | General | 268/1,185 | 1 Mar. 2021-27 Feb. 2022 | China | 22.6 | QTN | NR | 7 |
Rocha [37] | Primipara | 42/224 | 19 Jan. 2017-23 May 2017 | Brazil | 18.8 | MR, ITV | 7 d pp | 7 |
Salahudeen [38] | General | 50/200 | Jun. 2011-Dec. 2011 | India | 25.0 | MR, ITV | 7 d pp | 6 |
Si [39] | GDM | 96/284 | Mar.-Oct. 2016 | China | 33.8 | MR, QTN, ITV | 72Â h pp | 7 |
Wang [40] | General | 68/240 | Jan.-Apr. 2018 | China | 28.3 | MR, ITV | 7 d pp | 6 |
Wei [41] | General | 722/2,109 | Mar. 2019-Feb. 2021 | China | 34.2 | QTN | NR | 7 |
Xie [42] | Admitted to MICU | 97/229 | May-Oct. 2019 | China | 42.4 | MR, QTN | OL | 7 |
Xu [43] | General | 91/269 | Dec. 2019-Nov. 2020 | China | 33.8 | QTN, ITV | NR | 7 |
Xue [44] | General | 58/204 | Sept. 2013-May 2014 | China | 28.4 | MR, QTN, ITV | 72Â h pp | 7 |
Zhang [45] | Primipara | 86/300 | Jan.-Jun. 2022 | China | 28.7 | MR, QTN, ITV | NR | 6 |
Zhang YY [46] | General | 64/334 | Mar.-Jun. 2020 | China | 19.2 | MR, QTN, ITV | 72Â h pp | 7 |
Zhang ZY [47] | General | 110/281 | Jan.-Dec. 2019 | China | 39.1 | MR, ITV | OL | 6 |
Zhao [48] | General | 119/358 | Oct. 2020-Nov. 2021 | China | 33.2 | QTN, ITV | 3 d pp | 7 |
Zhu [49] | General | 198/2,017 | Mar.-Nov. 2008 | China | 9.8 | MR, QTN, ITV | 2Â m pp* | 7 |