Beneficial effects of short-term breastfeeding versus non-breastfeeding in early life against childhood obesity: findings from the US-based population study NHANES

Table 5 Associations between childhood obesity and the introduction of formula and milk stratified by breastfed experience

	Normal weight		Obesity
	N	Weighted %	N	Weighted %	Crude	Adjusted
Age when first fed formula (month)
Ever breastfed
≤ 1	760	41.9	206	9.9	Reference	Reference
> 1 ~ 3	367	21.2	81	4.4	0.88 (0.64, 1.20)	0.96 (0.71, 1.33)
> 3	359	19.7	65	2.9	0.63 (0.45, 0.88)	0.64 (0.45, 0.91)
P-trend					< 0.001	0.019
Age when first fed milk (month)
Never breastfed
< 12	295	8.6	101	2.8	Reference	Reference
≥ 12	804	23.1	173	4.5	0.62 (0.43, 0.88)	0.54 (0.37, 0.78)
Ever breastfed
< 12	429	15.5	85	2.8	Reference	Reference
≥ 12	1057	35.1	267	7.6	1.18 (0.81, 1.72)	1.09 (0.74, 1.62)
Type of milk first fed
Never breastfed
Whole milk	751	22.4	192	5.3	Reference	Reference
reduced-fat milk	289	7.1	75	1.8	1.13 (0.79, 1.60)	1.05 (0.73, 1.52)
other	59	2.2	7	0.2	0.25 (0.09, 0.66)	0.21 (0.08, 0.60)
Ever breastfed
Whole milk	1091	38.7	250	7.3	Reference	Reference
reduced-fat milk	327	9.9	88	2.6	1.39 (1.01, 1.92)	1.16 (0.83, 1.62)
other	69	2.0	14	0.5	1.35 (0.59, 3.06)	1.48 (0.65, 3.38)

The type of milk first fed in the questionnaire of NHANES consisted of whole milk (generally referring to regular cow’s milk), reduced-fat milk (including 2%, 1%, and fat-free milk), and other milk (e.g., soy milk and some unusual milk)
The adjusted regression model performed among the population never breastfed consisted of independent variables of gender, age, race, the ratio of family income to poverty, mother’s smoking history when pregnant, maternal age when born, birth weight, age when fist fed milk and type of milk first fed; and another variable of age when the first fed formula was added in the model performed among population ever breastfed
Data are presented as odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals

ISSN: 1746-4358