Impact of an intervention for perinatal anxiety on breastfeeding: findings from the Happy Mother—Healthy Baby randomized controlled trial in Pakistan

Table 3 Comparison of estimated intervention effects between arms among 298 women who had a mild level of anxiety and 422 women who had moderate- to severe- anxiety levels (HADS)^a at enrolment with measured breastfeeding in the HMHB trial

			Unadjusted Odds ratio^b (reference: control group)	Adjusted Odds ratio^c (reference: control group)
	Intervention Arm N (%)	Control Arm N (%)	Estimate (95% CI)	Estimate (95% CI)
Women with mild anxiety levels (N = 298)
Early breastfeeding	111 (74%)	104 (70%)	1.26 (0.76, 2.11)	1.23 (0.72, 2.10)
Exclusive early breastfeeding	14 (9%)	19 (13%)	0.71 (0.34, 1.47)	0.69 (0.33, 1.46)
Recent breastfeeding	137 (92%)	123 (83%)	2.41 (1.17, 5.00)	2.46 (1.16, 5.23)
Exclusive recent breastfeeding	80 (54%)	66 (44%)	1.46 (0.92, 2.30)	1.49 (0.93, 2.39)
Women with moderate to severe anxiety levels (N = 422)
Early breastfeeding	162 (76%)	143 (68%)	1.47 (0.96, 2.26)	1.39 (0.90, 2.16)
Exclusive early breastfeeding	33 (15%)	15 (7%)	2.37 (1.25, 4.51)	2.48 (1.29, 4.78)
Recent breastfeeding	190 (89%)	186 (89%)	1.02 (0.55, 1.89)	0.97 (0.51, 1.84)
Exclusive recent breastfeeding	98 (46%)	109 (52%)	0.78 (0.53, 1.15)	0.76 (0.51, 1.13)

^aMild anxiety level: (HADS: 8–10), moderate to severe anxiety level: (HADS: 11–21)
^bEstimate by logistic regression
^cAdjusted for gestational age, depression at enrolment (HADS), stress at enrolment (PSS-10), major social support (MSPSS), social support from family (MSPSS), maternal age, child’s sex, whether first pregnancy or not and history of stillbirth or miscarriage using logistic regression

ISSN: 1746-4358