Table 1 Baseline characteristics of the study population

Age at enrollment (years)

67.9 (± 8.2)

63.2 (± 9.0)

< 0.0001

Body mass index (kg/m²)

25.2 (± 3.5)

24.1 (± 3.2)

< 0.0001

Waist circumference (cm)

86.5 (± 9.3)

81.8 (± 90)

< 0.0001

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

129.3 (± 17.2)

124.8 (± 17.8)

< 0.0001

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

72.3 (± 9.6)

75.8 (± 9.8)

< 0.0001

Breastfeeding

 Average breastfeeding duration (month)

15.5 (± 9.7)

12.81(± 9.2)

< 0.0001

Breastfeeding duration group

< 0.0001

 No breastfeeding

161 (7.2%)

1,383 (10.1%)

 < 12 months

362 (16.1%)

3,676 (26.9%)

 ≥ 12 months

1,725 (76.7%)

8,632 (63.1%)

Obstetric characteristics

 Age at menarche (years)

15.5 (± 2.03)

15.3 (± 2.0)

< 0.0001

 Age at menopause (years)

49.0 (± 5.5)

49.2 (± 4.9)

0.047

 Married

2,248 (100.0%)

13,680 (99.9%)

0.603

 Gravidity

5.1 (± 2.4)

4.5 (± 2.1)

< 0.0001

 Age at first delivery (years)

23.3 (± 3.5)

24.2 (± 3.6)

< 0.0001

 Age at last delivery (years)

29.8 (± 4.6)

29.6 (± 4.4)

0.014

Prevalence of medical diseases

 Hypertension

1,524 (67.8%)

4,894 (35.8%)

< 0.0001

 Dyslipidemia

1,216 (54.1%)

3,634 (26.5%)

< 0.0001

 Stroke

145 (6.5%)

347 (2.5%)

< 0.0001

 Myocardial infarction

65 (2.9%)

110 (0.8%)

< 0.0001

 Kidney failure

30 (1.3%)

74 (0.5%)

< 0.0001

 Liver cirrhosis

15 (0.7%)

42 (0.3%)

0.008

Biochemical profile at enrollment

 Fasting glucose (mg/dL)

134.7 (± 40.7)

97.7 (± 14.4)

< 0.0001

 HbA1c

7.3 (± 1.3)

5.8 (± 0.5)

< 0.0001

 Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

175.2 (± 38.8)

202.2 (± 37.3)

< 0.0001

 HDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

47.1 (± 11.2)

52.2 (± 12.1)

< 0.0001

 Triglycerides (mg/dL)

148.3 (± 85.1)

128.6 (± 80.8)

< 0.0001

 LDL cholesterol (mg/dL)

100.0 (± 33.7)

124.6 (± 33.7)

< 0.0001

Family history

 Paternal family history of diabetes mellitus

153 (8.5%)

565 (4.8%)

< 0.0001

 Maternal family history of diabetes mellitus

340 (17.8%)

1,068 (8. 6%)

< 0.0001

Socioeconomic and lifestyle characteristics

 Education level

< 0.0001

 Elementary school and below

1,469 (65.4%)

6,475 (47.3%)

 Middle school

335 (14.9%)

2,297 (16.8%)

 High school

334 (14.9%)

3,366 (24.6%)

 College and above

109 (4.9%)

1,540 (11.3%)

Household income

< 0.0001

 Low

961 (43.0%)

3,976 (29.2%)

 Medium-low

601 (26.9%)

3,565 (26.2%)

 Medium-high

384 (17.2%)

3004 (22.1%)

 High

287 (12.9%)

3,062 (22.5%)

 Economic activity

709(31.5%)

6,158(45.0%)

< 0.0001

Residential areas

0.267

 Urban

1,684 (74.9%)

10,404 (76.0%)

 Rural

564 (25.1%)

3,287 (24.0%)

Frequency of drinking per year

< 0.0001

 Never

832 (37.3%)

3,649 (26.8%)

 Have not drunk in the last 1 year

564 (25.3%)

2,862 (21.0%)

 Less than once a month

436 (19.5%)

3,246 (23.8%)

 Once a month

141 (6.3%)

1,244 (9.1%)

 2–4 times a month

171 (7.7%)

1,711 (12.6%)

 2–3 times a week

54 (2.4%)

653 (4.8%)

 ≥ 4 times a week

34 (1.5%)

269 (2.0%)

Smoking status

0.020

 Smoker

84 (3.8%)

446 (3.3%)

 Ex-smoker

92 (4.1%)

425 (3.1%)

 Non-smoker

2,056 (92.1%)

12,767 (93.6%)

Weekly weight training routines

< 0.0001

 0 day

2,019(89.8%)

11,485 (83.9%)

 1 day

28 (1.3%)

366 (2.7%)

 2 days

40 (1.8%)

478 (3.5%)

 3 days

43 (1.9%)

466 (3.4%)

 4 days

25 (1.1%)

238 (1.7%)

 ≥5 days

93 (4.1%)

656 (4.8%)

Stress awareness

< 0.0001

 Feel a great deal of stress

126 (5.7%)

624 (4.6%)

 Feel much stress

439 (19.7%)

2,616 (19.2%)

 Feel some stress

1,085 (48.6%)

7,618 (55.9%)

 Feel almost no stress

582 (26.1%)

2,776 (20.4%)

 Feeling depression in last 1 year

265 (11.8%)

1,523 (11.1%)

0.340